Analysis Of Up From Slavery By Booker T. Washington

As years went by, the American Progressive Era began to advance in numerous ways in which African Americans were now Freedman. However, with the uprising of racial equality, hatred and hostility toward African Americans grew tremendously due to white supremacists fearing loss of power and control over the nation. For this reason, white people passed the Jim Crow laws to complicate African American lives by segregating them and giving them unequal opportunities to work, education, and etc. As a result, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois work on achieving equality and civil rights. On Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington argues that â€Å"It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important†¦show more content†¦Moreover, W.E.B. Dubois’s main idea is that African Americans do not need to prove themselves to nobody and they deserve equality. What Washington is doing is accepting social segregation and racism, which should not be tolerated for any reason. In addition, he demands that his race should not wait for equality as it should be given already. In his point of view, he sees everyone the same and no race should be superior to one another, so they should not wait to feel accepted by the white race. They are already worthy of their rights and deserve the same opportunities as others. He believes that every individual should be treated with respect and dignity. Civil rights should be given not something that should be achieved within time of years to show an individual’s worth. Racism is and will always be wrong. A person should never feel inferior towards another human being. W.E.B. Dubois is right, people should be treated equal and there should not be any compassion for any type of discrimination. As a native born Mexican with citizenship, people from Mexico tend to feel less worthy than Mexicans with papers. This is a result of them believing that the people from the U.S. are better tha n them and feel inferior to them. No matter what country, race, color, religion, etc. an individual is, they should never feel inferior. Every person is worth of love, respect, and compassion. Everyone has basic needs to survive and nobody escapes death, so no need to hate one another.Show MoreRelated Inadequate Social Change of Booker T. Washington Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been much debate over Booker T. Washington and the effectiveness of his work at Tuskegee Institute. Some believe that he was a pioneer for black education in a time when few had the opportunity. Others believe that his conformity to the white ideal of what a black man should be hindered his ability to create real social change for his race. In his autobiography, Up From Slavery, Washington maps out his life from its humble beginnings as a slave up through the success of his school, TuskegeeRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, Web Dubois, And Booker T Washington1323 Words   |  6 PagesYO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO INTRO YO: Throughout history, all over the world, people have been enslaved and mistreated based on various arbitrary factors. From the slavery of cultures all over the world, to racial oppression of today, these people have been subjected to subhuman cruelty. In America, the turning point for this mistreatment was the late 19th century and early 20th century. With the civil war and the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the ConstitutionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Souls Of Black Folk 1026 Words   |  5 PagesBlack people were rejected from the area of politics, as southern states amended their constitutions to deny Black American citizens their voting rights that had been ratified by the Fifteenth Amendment. The beliefs of racial uplift, was an idea that placed responsibility on educated Black people for the well-being of the majority of their race. This was a reaction to the assault on African American civil and political rights, also known as â€Å"the Ne gro problem (Washington 8).† During this era, thereRead More Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America1715 Words   |  7 Pagesthe struggle for equal rights, there have been courageous Black leaders at the forefront of each discrete movement. From early activists such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers, the progress that has been made toward full equality has resulted from the visionary leadership of these brave individuals. This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespreadRead MoreSummary Of Du Bois 1782 Words   |  8 Pagesknow African Americans who are nice or tell him about how they fought in the War to end slavery. Du Bois is courteous when people say these things. Following this, Du Bois recalls his time as a schoolboy in New England. One day, Du Bois and his schoolmates were exchanging cards. DuBois couldn’t believe it when a girl who was new to the school wouldn’t take his card. He realized, then, that he was different from the other children (who were probably white). Du Bois then decided he lived within theRead More Dubois v. Washington Debates Ess ay1872 Words   |  8 PagesDubois v. Washington Debates The Afro-American Almanac located on Professor Tygiel’s â€Å"Sites of Interest to History Majors† have a copy of Booker T. Washington’s famous â€Å"Atlanta Compromise† speech that he delivered in 1895. Neither before, nor since, has one speech had such a profound effect upon the career of a politician and the people that he sought to represent. Indeed, Washington’s primacy was assured when he in dramatic fashion promised (eye witness accounts have him thrusting hisRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 Pageswas a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325). From the beginning Douglass has started with his identity â€Å"Douglass, in his old age, still bravely stood for the ideals of his early manhood, - ultimate assimilation through self-assertion and on no other terms† ( Washington 254). Douglass stood for his race which helped him enhance himself with his culture. â€Å"I never loved any or confided in any people more than my fellow-slaves† ( Douglass 402). He supported his culture from the beginning to the end and thisRead MoreBooker T. Washington Essay2321 Words   |  10 PagesBooker T. Washington was one of the most well-known African American educators of all time. Lessons from his life recordings and novelistic writings are still being talked and learned about today. His ideas of the accommodation of the Negro people and the instillation of a good work ethic into every student are opposed, though, by some well-known critics of both past and current times. They state their cases by claiming the Negro’s should not have stayed quiet and worked their way to wear they didRead MoreB. Du Bois Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesfor equality. As a prolific writer and speaker he was regarded by many as a prophet. Historical record researched and documented revealed, Du Bois is mostly â€Å"known for his conflict with Booker T. Washington over the role of blacks in American society. In an essay on Booker T. Washington, Du Bois praised Washington for preaching Thrift, Patience, and Industrial trainee emasculation effects of caste distinctions, opposes to the higher training of young African-American minds†. My essay will focus onRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois1252 Words   |  6 PagesMassachusetts. While he grew up an African-American in a mostly white community, he attended an integrated school and excelled there. When he was old enough, his neighbors and church raised enough money for him to attend Fisk University in Nashville from 1885 to 1888. Because he had never been south before, this is where he first experienced racial pr ejudice and Jim Crow laws. After college, he went on to study in Berlin and receive both his masters and Ph.D. from Harvard University. Then, he began

The Kikuyu Conforming to Christianity Essay - 599 Words

The Kikuyu Conforming to Christianity Jomo Kenyatta’s ethnography, Facing Mt. Kenya was written in the 1930’s about Kikuyu society during 1890-1910, the early years of British colonialism in Kenya. Since the coming of the early colonization the Kikuyu people have tried to develop a religious attitude that would define it’s own culture while adapting forcefully to the European conforms of religion. The preconceived European ideas about the African natives were unjust and unsubstantiated. The missionaries viewed the Africans as savages and that everything that they did was evil. Missionaries that were sent to spread the view of Christianity would have to change their beliefs and their social interactions to save them from the†¦show more content†¦Missionaries tried to break up the any polygamous relationships that existed between Kikuyu men and women without any concern to what it meant to the two sexes and the community. The need for women to be mothers and wives was rooted deep in traditional collective beliefs. In Kikuyu communities the raising of a family is great cause for rise in social status. The larger a mans family the better it was for the community as a whole. This principle now being thwarted by the white missionaries was hard on the whole family unit. Men would have to send away some of their wives and children whom were a part of the community. Wit hout polygamy, women would be driven away and risk being unmarried then shunned out of the community. The Kikuyu people tried to show the missionaries that the bible itself had polygamy prevalent throughout and that some of the most religious men had several wives. Kikuyu men even tried to take on name of biblical men who practiced polygamy to help prove themselves in front of God and the missionaries. To the dismay of the clan these attempts to prove that polygamy was just, were ultimately ignored and thrown out by the missionaries. In order to keep their cultural and religious heritages existent new adaptations of religions begin to form after the invasion of the Europeans. The

Knowledge Management for Snapshot Industries - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Management for Snapshot Industries. Answer: Introduction Snapshot Industries is a manufacturing organization which deals with the gardening and kitchenware. The company had approximately 200 staff members and had a high retention rate. There were some well-formed business processes and management of the organization never tried to deviate from it. The experienced team members of the organization had immense knowledge regarding the business processes and operations. The business basically comprised of plastic sections, machinery and tools factory and packaging and distribution office. The same business operations and systems were followed for a long time. The sales of the organization were steady and stable. Every employee of the organization has complete control over their work and had the responsibility and the freedom to accomplish their work in their own manner. All the employees of the organization had a well-developed understanding of where the other employees fit in the organization. The business processes can be characterized by pre dictability and comfort level. However, the death of the business owner caused major upheaval in the organization. The grandson of the owner took responsibility of the organizations management. It was presumed that the present manager will preserve the existing arrangements of the system. However, new changes were introduced in the organization such as hiring of movers or shakers, acquisition of other businesses in the service and manufacturing. During this time period, the number of employees was expanded from 200 to 600 and a complete restructuring was conducted in the organization. The number of products was reduced and the production number for each product was increased. Several teams were introduced for manufacturing the same product and incentive system was introduced to boost the performance of each team. However, this strategy increased the stress on the senior employees of the organization. Other changes were also introduced such as the development of a vigorous marketing team and a centralized personnel record system was also introduced. However, the introduction of the computing system overstressed the senior employees who were habitual of using pen and paper. With these restructuring processes, the employee stress heightened which is resulted in high employee turnover and absenteeism. With the high turnover of the senior employees, the knowledge of the previous employees was also lost. The new employees were kept out of the crucial information; therefore, when operational issue rose, they were unable to handle it. With the inadequate information and lack of direction, all the employees were confused and dissatisfied about the growth of the organization. It also raised several operational issues in the organization. In this regard, this report will examine the key issues in the current operations of Snapshot Industries and will provide recommendations to handle them in a better manner. Major Problem and Linkage to Knowledge Management The major issue in the operations of the organization was the in experience and lack of expertise of the new staff. Due to this reason, the staff members were unable to handle situations relating to operational issues in the organization. Moreover, although the new recruits worked with the senior employees for a large amount of time, they did not acquire any knowledge regarding the operations of the organization. It can be critiqued that the inability of knowledge transfer was the issue associated with the knowledge management of an organization (Borghoff and Pareschi, 2013). In the current times, knowledge management has become critical in the success of an organization. The knowledge management refers to the process of creating, sharing, using and managing knowledge and information in an organization (Hislop, 2013). It is an approach which assists an organization in reaching the organization objectives by maximizing the use of knowledge potential. The knowledge management is associ ated with the organization objectives such as improved performance, competitive performance, innovation and continuous improvement of the organization (Grover and Froese, 2016). The knowledge management efforts align with the organizational learning and focuses on the management of knowledge as an organization asset and sharing it for the better performance outcomes. Types of Knowledge in Snapshot Industries In a business organization, several types of knowledge exists. It is important to identify different types of knowledge and develop strategies to identify and synthesize them. All the knowledge identified in the organization can be categorized into explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge. The explicit knowledge is the knowledge which is formal in nature and can be codified. This type of knowledge is easy to identify, store and retrieve. The explicit information has the same challenges as that of other information documents. The most important challenge for the explicit information is that the people hae access to to provide employees access to the information whenever they need it. Constant review of information is also needed. The important information should be updated and obsolete information should be discarded. The explicit information is simple in nature; however, it does not contain the rich experience of the professional which is necessary to develop competitive advantage. The Snapshot industries possess this type of knowledge. The information regarding the operations and manuals to handle equipment are included in this type of knowledge (Hau, Kim, Lee and Kim, 2013). The tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge which is hard to define and basically based on the experience of the professionals. This knowledge refers to intuitive knowledge which is context dependent and personally gained through experience. In a business organization, this type of knowledge is considered as the most valuable source of knowledge and crucial in developing the innovation capabilities and sustained competitiveness of the organization. The senior employees knew how to handle production lines efficiently. It also included how to handle major faults in the production lines of the organization (Schoenherr, Griffith and Chandra, 2014). The senior employees of the company also had strategic knowledge which was essential for the operations of the organization. The strategic knowledge refers to the fit between procedural knowledge and contextual information which interlinks the financial, cultural, political, technical and institutional knowledge. The strategic knowledge refers to the knowledge related to complex events. In the present case, the strategic knowledge refers to the knowledge related to handle complex situations such as production in pressure or how to handle faulty lines. Resignation and Retirements as a Business Issue and Proposed Solution One of the major issues in the knowledge management of Snapshot Industries is the resignation and retirement of the senior employees. Although the fresh recruits from the college bring energy and enthusiasm to the work, the senior workforce is integral to the business development as they have crucial information regarding the business. The senior workforce has crucial information regarding the business processes and the business operations. In a business organization, the senior employees have knowledge regarding the processes which are unique to the organization. They not only have the theoretical knowledge but also crucial practical knowledge which is important for developing the competitive advantage of the organization. Massive resignations and retirements are a business issue for the organization as it results in the loss of the strategic information of the organization (Vnou?kov and Urbancov, 2015). In order to combat this issue, the organization must development human resource strategies. They should support the senior staff members in learning the new systems and provide comprehensive training to them. It is important to communicate to the employees that the changes are introduced to assist the employees in their daily operations. Although learning to handle the computer system will be difficult for the employees initially, the acquisition of knowledge will increase their efficiency and increase their productiveness (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Issues related to the Leadership Strategy of the Organization and Proposed Solutions It can be critiqued from the analysis of the case that the organization was facing some serious issues related to the leadership strategy. The newly appointed CEO has the management degree and immense theoretical knowledge regarding the management and increasing the productivity of the organization. However, he lacked the practical knowledge of implementing successful change in the organization. The changes introduced in the organization were too drastic and the senior employees were unable to handle it which pushed them out of organization. It is the responsibility of the leader to consider the interest, strengths and the weakness of all the employees and motivate them together to embrace the change. Moreover, in any change process, the leader must develop a communication strategy so that all the employees do not remain dazed and confused. All the employees must be aware of the change plan so that they are prepared to adapt to the change. It is also important that the leader communicates the positives of the change process so that the employees remain motivated to embrace the change. The organization should also implement training and development activities so that all the employees are trained to work on new machines. The training should also include induction session so that the new employees are introduced with the operations of the organization and build good rapport with senior employees (Aarons, Ehrhart, Farahnak and Hurlburt, 2015). Business Areas Requiring the Knowledge Management Principles It can be identified that there are several operational areas within the organization which needs to reflect on the knowledge management principles. The production and the manufacturing departments should immediately adopt the knowledge management principles. In manufacturing organization, the existence of the whole business is dependent upon effective and efficient production. Manufacturing organizations often face spans wherein there is huge pressure from high demand from the market or empty spans in which there is minimal demand. It is important to optimize the production in both the cases so that the profitability can be maximized. (Geisler and Wickramasinghe, 2015) In addition to it, the organization should also embrace the knowledge management principles in marketing and sales department. The leading sales professionals of the organization understand how to pitch their products to the customers so that they are attracted towards its features and buy it. The marketing department are also aware of the marketing tactics and the strategy which will work on the target customers. In addition to it, the senior employees at high or managerial positions have significant amount of tactic knowledge which needs to be shared with the junior employees for the knowledge transfer. It includes allocating budgets, giving priorities to the business issues and handling small problems in the business (Rotaru and Borza, 2014). Snapshot has also integrated the human resource and personnel management system in the organization. Previously, every department has its own personnel management system and all the managers knew the capabilities and the worth of all the employees. Recruitment of large number of people and changes in team result in loss of this information. It is important that the organization implements a knowledge management system in the human resource department of organization so that the crucial information related to the employees remains with the organization. Knowledge Management as a Strategy Currently, Snapshot is facing several serious issues in the operational management. It needs a combination of strategies to increase the sustainability of the organization. The organization needs effective strategy in change management, knowledge management and human resource management. The leadership strategy is also needs to be adapted so that the organization can embrace the change positively. Among all these strategies, the strategy of knowledge management is crucial for the success of the organization. In order to create an effective knowledge management program, the organization needs to implement a systematic strategy for the transfer of knowledge within the organization. It is a multidisciplinary method which is focused on achieving the organization objectives by my maximizing the use of knowledge. The Knowledge Management efforts are part of the internal business strategy and emphasize on several organization objectives such as improved performance, increasing competitive a dvantage, innovation and continuous improvement of the organization (Reed et al., 2014). In knowledge management, the operations of an organization can be categorized in three stages and the knowledge can be obtained from any of these three stages. These stages are before, during and after KM related activities. The organizations try to capture knowledge by implementing several intervention strategies such as making the content submission necessary or incorporating rewards in performance management and knowledge sharing. The push strategy is commonly used for the knowledge management wherein the organization strive to encode the knowledge and motivates the employees to share knowledge into the knowledge sharing repository and provide means so that the employees can retrieve knowledge from other individuals (Ahern, Leavy and Byrne, 2014). The codification can be implemented on both tacit as well as explicit knowledge. The organization implements different strategies to store and retrieve both types of information. Another strategy which can be employed for the knowledge m anagement is pull strategy. In this strategy, the organization makes request to the experts of as particular subject to share their knowledge. In response to these requests, the individuals provide insight to their requester. Several companies commonly employ personalization strategy to increase knowledge sharing. It includes tactics such as mentorships and developing diversified teams. In mentorship alliance is formed between the experienced employees and thee fresh recruits such that the experienced employees transfer their knowledge with the inexperienced employees. By developing diversified teams, thee organization encourage communication and personal relationships with the people who come from diversified backgrounds. Every employee has individual skills and knowledge (Knight and Howes, 2012). By creating alliance of people from different backgrounds, an organization can promote knowledge sharing. Other than that, the company can also try to foster a culture in the organization which promotes sharing of information. It is important to imbibe in the organization culture that knowledge is important and should be shared and updated. It is important to develop strong leadership and culture of storytellin g to transfer tacit knowledge within the organization. Recently, large number of software have been developed to increase the knowledge sharing in the business organization (Meir, 2009). Snapshot Industries can utilize software such as groupware, Workflow, Enterprise portals and Telepresence. Although knowledge management is necessary strategy to address the current issues in the business organization, it is singularly not enough. The business organization should implement other strategies also to streamline the work process in the organization. It includes change management strategies and the human resource strategies. Recently, a large number of old and senior employees have resigned from their jobs. It is important to imlem4nt retention strategies so that loss of talent can be mitigated. The organization should identify that a large number of employees are resigning from their jobs as they lack the adequate skills to operate the new computing systems (McElroy, 2010). They also find it difficult to adjust to the new production lines and processes. Therefore, in order to control the turnover rate of the organization, it should implement adequate training and development facility so that the senior employees can accommodate new computing system. A significant amount of ti me should be given to the employee to learn and adjust to the new systems. Other than that, the organization should also implement effective change management strategy for successful change implementation. In order to implement successful change, the leadership should implement several methods to prepare the organization for change such as communication, providing training and development and providing substantial time for the stabilization of the processes (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabhrwal, 2014). The management should be prompt to listen to the problems of the employees and address them immediately for effective outcomes. Conclusion It can be concluded that knowledge management is an essential strategy for the organization success. Snapshot Industries is suffering from the lack of knowledge management strategies which has diminished the productivity of the organization and created several operational issues. In addition to it, the organization is also facing issues with the recent changes implemented by the new CEO of the organization. It has been identified that the most prominent operational issues in the organization are related to knowledge management, change management and human resource management. A large number of senior employees have resigned from their jobs which resulted in the loss of the tacit and strategic knowledge of the organization. The tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge which cannot be easily shared, stored or retrieved. This knowledge is developed by the experience of the people with the organization and the machine handling. Snapshots Industries can implement methods such as mentorship or creating diversified teams so that the tacit knowledge can be shared with the employees. The leadership should also change their management style. The leader should identify the strengths and the weaknesses of all the employees and implement change such that no employee is left out. It is important to make each employee feel valued within the organization. References Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M.S., 2015. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): a randomized mixed method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation. Implementation Science, 10(1), p.11. Ahern, T., Leavy, B. and Byrne, P.J., 2014. Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), pp.1371-1381. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Becerra-Fernandez, I., and Sabhrwal, R. (2014). Knowledge Management: Systems and Processes. Routledge. Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. 2013. Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015. Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Grover, R. and Froese, T.M., 2016. Knowledge Management in Construction Using a SocioBIM Platform: A Case Study of AYO Smart Home Project. Procedia Engineering, 145, pp.1283-1290. Hau, Y.S., Kim, B., Lee, H. and Kim, Y.G., 2013. The effects of individual motivations and social capital on employees tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions. International Journal of Information Management, 33(2), pp.356-366. Hislop, D., 2013. Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Knight, T. and Howes, T. (2012). Knowledge Management - A Blueprint for Delivery. Routledge. McElroy, M. W. (2010). The New Knowledge Management. Routledge. Meir, R. (2009). Knowledge Management Strategies for Business Development. IGI Global. Reed, M.S., Stringer, L.C., Fazey, I., Evely, A.C. and Kruijsen, J.H.J., 2014. Five principles for the practice of knowledge exchange in environmental management. Journal of environmental management, 146, pp.337-345. Rotaru, I.M. and Borza, S., 2014. Conception And Fabrication In Automotive Industry Using Knowledge Management Principles. In Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education. Schoenherr, T., Griffith, D.A. and Chandra, A., 2014. Knowledge management in supply chains: The role of explicit and tacit knowledge. Journal of Business Logistics, 35(2), pp.121-135. Vnou?kov, L. and Urbancov, H., 2015. Employee Turnover and Knowledge Management in the Czech Republic. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 63(1), pp.313-325.

Weimar Republic (2325 words) Essay Example For Students

Weimar Republic (2325 words) Essay Weimar RepublicWeimar RepublicThere were various factors that contributedto the failure of the Weimar Republic of Germany and the ascent of HitlersNational Socialist German Workers Party into power on January 30, 1933. Various conflicting problems were concurrent with the result of a Republicthat, from the outset, its first governing body the socialist party (SPD)was forced to contend with. These included the aspect of German imperialism,the unresolved defeat of 1918, financial collapse and the forced struggleagainst the activities of the National party as well as inflation. Otherfactors that influenced the failure of Weimar were the structural weaknessesinduced by the constitution and the basic lack of support for the Republicamong the German people particularly amongst the elite. All in all, theseaspects were the major causes that doomed the Weimar republic to ultimatefailure and the eventual ascent of Hitlers nationalist party to power. We will write a custom essay on Weimar Republic (2325 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The new socialist government of Weimar(SPD), whose constitution was adopted on July 30, 1919, entered a situationthey by no means created. The period during which they were appointed torule was associated with defeat and misery, and when disorder was nationwide. The situation then, was that of revolution. However, rather than to makeit a revolution of there own, they co-operated with the liberals and withthe catholic centre party to lead Germany in a reformed version of herold self. In June 1919, they voted to comply with the treaty of Versailles. However, the signing of the Treaty served to promote protest and unrestamongst the soldiers, sailors and the German people generally, and democracythus resulted in becoming an alien device. The imperial army, for instance,never got over the humiliation of surrender, which they felt, was a stabin the back by their own countrymen. The sailors at Kiel mutinied in alast desperate effort on October 28 and on November 9 1919, the streetswere filled with crowds marching to demonstrate at the center of Berlin. Furthermore, compliance with the Treatyof Versailles meant that Germany would have to make reparation paymentsit could scarcely afford. This fact placed a heavy strain on the alreadysuffering economy of Germany which was bankrupted by four years of warthus ensuing in the ascend of inflation and the occasioning of the respiteof payments by Germany in 1922. The French reacted by occupying the Ruhr,a major industrial area of Germany, in January 1923. This was felt a gravehumiliation by the German people and eventuated in widespread discontent. Germanys currency was already fragile, and in face of the occurring circumstancesconsequent to the Ruhr invasion and the overprinting of currency, the Markfell to chronic levels, eventually reaching the value of four billion againstthe US dollar, which therefore generated massive hyperinflation. The economicinstability, on top of the disillusionment and resent caused by the humiliatingpeace settlement, resulted in vast sections of German society feeling alienatedby the Republic. They responded by attacking the democracy and as a consequenceit became impossible to control the hostility and discontent. The deteriorating economic and social situationalso managed to wreak havoc on the political atmosphere of the time andthe Republic wound up having no positive friends and too many enemies. The Republic faced opposition from the extreme left by Spartacists whoresorted to force in efforts to overturn the Republic. In March 1920, theFreikorps who in Berlin launched a pro-Monarchist putsch in an attemptto install Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor also challenged the Republic fromthe right. During this incident troops both refused to defend the Republicor take action against Freikorps. In protest the working classes then respondedby organizing a general strike in Berlin, which had the effect of frustratingthis putsch. The present regime was able to survive despite the numerousthreats. Extremism remained to pollute the atmosphere,the evidence being represented in the alarming amount of political assassinationsthat continued occurring. In evidence, according to an estimate of theMinister of Justice, rightists committed 354 murders between 1919 and 1923. During this time, when the Republic was suffering most and was being threatened,practically from all sides, Hitler had been making affective attempts tocapitalize on the resultant circumstances. He exploited the economic collapseby blaming it on all those he wished to portray as enemies. These werethe same enemies he declared as the November criminals who had broughtabout Germanys defeat in 1918. Hitlers plan was to seize power in Munich,and, with Bavaria as his base, to launch a march on Berlin not unlike Mussolinismarch on Rome of a year earlier, but without first being invited to takepower, as Mussolini had been. Hitler, however, continued to fail until1933 when he finally seized power. The continued disruption causedby his attacks on the Republic, notably his Munich putsch, in additionto the economic crises as well as the resurfacing of the previously unresolvedissues promulgated the grounds for an increased anti-republican sentimentwhich reached a climax in 1923 when the Republic was on its knees due tohyperinflation. It was against this traumatic background that the leadershipof the republic was passed to the hands of Gustav Stresemann in August1923. His determination and ambition to rectify circumstances in Germanywere realized in November 1923 when he introduced a new currency. .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .postImageUrl , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:visited , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:active { border:0!important; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:active , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nazca Lines EssayValued at one billion old Marks the introduction of the Rentenmark at theend of 1923 was a main reason for the currency stabalization. Further stabilitycame with the Dawes plan of April 1924, which provided a modified settlementof the reparation issues. In addition, French troops were then confirmedto leave the Ruhr, and disputes between the two countries then went tooindependent ruling. In September, Stresemann called off passive resistanceunconditionally. These headed many positive changes in Germany, whose effectswere felt universally in almost every facet of German life. By 1929, the German economy revived. Thechanges Stresemann managed to bring about still had the effect of deviatingopposition by both the extremist groups on the right as well as the left. However, while it seemed that politics might have settled down, the circumstancesthat were to follow in the coming years proved that Stresemann perhapsmerely postponed internal problems rather than eradicated them. The relativestability achieved through the late 1920s by Gustav Stresemann was, forinstance, heavily reliant upon foreign investment, loans and economic prosperity,not only in Germany but also in the United States from whence much of Germanysforeign investments originated. Consequently, as the American economy boomedthe attractiveness of investment in Germany became overshadowed and theGerman economy thus, again proceeded to decline in 1928. Additionally,during October 1929, two crises befell the Republic Gustav Stresemann,the architect of Germanys stability, died and later that month the collapseof share prices began on the New York stock exchange. Had Germanys prosperityand economic stability been self-reliant events and circumstances on theNew York stock exchange may h ave had a somewhat subtle effect in Germany. However, as said earlier, Germanys prosperity was merely financed by internationalloans and was excessively dependant on foreign investment. Germany wasthus forced to remain in a very vulnerable position, the results leadingto the onset of depression and the virtual crumbling of the Republicsvery foundations in recourse to the Wall Street crash during the end of1929. The depression that hit Germany in 1929,is said to have been the most severe economic depression in modern worldhistory. It devastated the lives of the urban population as well as thoseliving in the country districts that in recourse to the economic circumstancesstruggled desperately. The unemployment figures for Germany show the rapiddeterioration of the economic climate. In September 1929 1.3 million employableworkers were unemployed, for September 1930 the figures rose to 3 million,in September 1931 the figure was 4.35 million and by 1932 unemploymentreportedly escalated to 6 million. These conditions, in addition to theloss of confidence generated overseas which resulted in the rapid withdrawalof the foreign loans Germany relied on extensively placed additional strainon the republic. The political repercussions were just as acute. Unresolvedissues and old determinations to destroy the Republic again resurfaced. These resulted in the renewed attacks by the extremes of the left and theright who proceeded to take advantage of the situation and manipulate itto suit their own ends. Strikes, violence and constant bloodshed in streetbattles against communists suggested to be deliberately provoked by thebrown shirted toughs of the NSDAP, soon replaced political dialogue anddebate, and while the Republic had no Republican army to deal with thesynchronous persistence of violence, the power of Weimar to instill democracybecame largely disabled. Moreover, the continued unrest further exacerbateda general feeling of a loss of faith in the Republic and support for ittherefore deteriorated. The Republic had also been suffering fromstructural weaknesses, which also played a major role in crippling itsprogress. For example, the constitution of the new Republic emerged finallyfrom the National Assembly in July 1919. It was considered to be one ofthe most liberal documents written up of its kind in the twentieth centuryon. In practice though, it left much to be desired. One of its weaknesseswas the elaborate system of proportional representation, which was devisedto allow for minority parties to have a share in the system of government. Unfortunately, this system also made it virtually impossible for a singleparty to hold a majority in the Reichstag and therefore coalition governmentswere inevitable. Another weakness was the infamous Article48 of the Weimar Constitution. Under this article the President had theright to suspend civil liberties with the Chancellors assent in anemergency, thus giving him virtual dictatorial powers. Chancellor Brueningwas first to make use of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution from 1930on when he, in response to the political and social unrest incurred inGermany during that period, was provoked to rule under emergency decree. .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .postImageUrl , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:visited , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:active { border:0!important; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:active , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Literary EssayCorrespondingly, politics were radicalized once more and resulted thus,in the intensifications of divisions amongst the parties in the Reichstagto an extent that parliamentary government became all but impossible. Accordingly,the Weimar constitution became unworkable as well as unwanted. Moreover,as a result of the existing atmosphere and circumstances at the time ofthe Republic, the Republic perhaps resulted in not being looked at as aState in which the German people desired to live or to which they wereprepared to give positive encouragement. The repercussions had the effectsof helping the communists who succeeded in gaining the support of an overwhelmingnumber of the urban workforce. However, the main beneficiary was Hitlersparty, the NSDAP, who managed to increase their seats in the Reichstagfrom 12-107 thus concluding in their becoming the second largest politicalparty at the time. Thereafter, as the NSDAP continued to attracta positive response from the people, eventually seizing power in 1933,the Republic was doomed to eventual collapse and ultimate destruction. It is suggested that the eventual collapse of the Weimar Republic and therise of Hitler to power was almost inevitable. As a result of the existingcircumstances of economic crisis, near, if not, complete social disasterand almost universal discontent, there were ultimately only two choicesleft open to the German people; a narrow, army-backed Presidential dictatorship(the Communists) or a young, dynamic and broadly-based Nazi movement. For many, particularly the middle classes, the second choice was perhapsalso perceived as the only choice available to them, especially as theprospect of Communist rule, with also the existing presence of Article48 that allowed too much power to be vested in any one person, may haveseemed too frightening a risk to undertake. In addition, very many powerfulgroups preferred to lend their support to the opposite extreme the NSDAP. Hitler successfully managed to jockey his party as having the dual attractionof offering radical solutions to economic problems while upholding patrioticvalues. He seemingly promised something to everyone and the German people,thus responded to him as he had foreshadowed. The Nazis still did not succeed in retainingmore than thirty seven per cent of the vote. In November 1932 Hitler lostan additional thirty-four seats. However, in as much as the acting president(von Hindenburg) allowed himself to be convinced by generals and right-wingpoliticians that only the Nazi leader could restore order in Germany, inthe following year leadership was passed to him. Hindenburg felt that hewas a good president, but it was old age that rendered him helpless tohis advisors and the German people. Accordingly, Hitler was made Germanysfifteenth post war Chancellor in January 1933. At this stage Germans hadscarce knowledge of what the future under the rule of Hitler would meanor result in. However, Hitler lost no time in a founding a harshtotalitarian state known as the Third Reich, which he enforced within amere month of his appointment. The results were the destruction of a moderncivilized society that turned crisis into catastrophe, bringing the democracyof Weimar to its end. When assessing the reasons for the failureof the Weimar Republic and the ascent of the NSDAP to power, one has tomake various considerations for these events occurred as a result of aplurality of factors. Perhaps the most important factor was the economiccrises that befell the Republic in 1923 and again in 1929. However to neglectconsiderations like the possibility that the revolution of 1918 failedto create institutions loyal to the new regime, that perhaps the constitutionof the Republic was too idealistic and lacking in practicality, causingcertain structural weaknesses and finally, that the desertion of the Republicby the masses and more powerful interests made the failure of Weimar andthe rise of Hitler to power a mere matter of time would give a distortedview of the issue. Moreover, several political and social issues arosewith the creation of the Republic, one of which was the influence of ImperialGermany. The Republic failed to resolve these issues and these issues createdthe context that made the failure of the Republic and the rise of a dictatorialleader to power possible. Sources1. Fischer. F., (1986), From Kaiserreichto third Reich, Oxford University Press, London. 2. Gilbert. M.,(1997),A history of the twentieth century: Volume one: 1900-1933, Bath Press,Great Britain. 3. Gill. A., (1994), An honourabledefeat, William Heinemann Ltd, London. 4. Ramm. A., (1984), Europe in thetwentieth century 1905-1970, Longman Group Ltd, USA. 5. Simon. T., (1983), Germany 1918-1933revolution, counterrevolution and the rise of Hitler, Oxford UniversityPress, London. 6. Peukert. D., (1991), The WeimarRepublic, Penguin Press, London.

An Archaeological Primer on Craft Specialization

An Archaeological Primer on Craft Specialization Craft specialization is what archaeologists call the assignment of specific tasks to specific people or subsets of people in a community. An agricultural community might have had specialists who made pots or knapped flints or tended crops or stayed in touch with the gods or conducted burial ceremonies. Craft specialization allows a community to get large projects completed-wars fought, pyramids built and yet still get the day-to-day operations of the community done as well. How Does Craft Specialization Develop? Archaeologists generally believe that hunter-gatherer societies were/are primarily egalitarian, in that most everyone did most everything. A recent study on modern hunter-gatherers suggests that even though a select portion of the community group goes out to do the hunting for the whole (i.e., what you would imagine would be hunting specialists)  when they return, they pass the knowledge ​on to the next generations, so everyone in the community understands how to hunt. Makes sense: should something happen to the hunters, unless the hunting process is understood by everyone, the community starves. In this way, knowledge is shared by everyone in the community and no one is indispensable. As a society grows in population and complexity, however, at some point certain kinds of tasks became overly time-consuming, and, theoretically anyway, someone who is particularly skilled at a task gets selected to do that task for his or her family group, clan, or community. For example, someone who is good at making spearpoints or pots is selected, in some process unknown to us, to dedicate their time to the production of these items. Why is Craft Specialization a Keystone to Complexity? Craft specialization is also part of the process that archaeologists believe may kickstart societal complexity. First, someone who spends their time making pots may not be able to spend time producing food for her family. Everybody needs pots, and at the same time the potter must eat; perhaps a system of barter becomes necessary to make it possible for the craft specialist to continue.Secondly, specialized information must be passed on in some way, and generally protected. Specialized information requires an educational process of some kind, whether the process is simple apprenticeships or more formal schools.Finally, since not everyone does exactly the same work or has the same lifeways, ranking or class systems might develop out of such a situation. Specialists may become of higher rank or lower rank to the rest of the population; specialists may even become society leaders. Identifying Craft Specialization Archaeologically Archaeologically, evidence of craft specialists is suggested by patterning: by the presence of different concentrations of certain types of artifacts in certain sections of communities. For example, in a given community, the archaeological ruins of the residence or workshop of a shell tool specialist might contain most of the broken and worked shell fragments found in the whole village. Other houses in the village might have only one or two complete shell tools. Identification of the work of craft specialists is sometimes suggested by archaeologists from a perceived similarity in a certain class of artifacts. Therefore, if ceramic vessels found in a community are pretty much the same size, with the same or similar decorations or design details, that may be evidence that they were all made by the same small number of individuals-craft specialists. Craft specialization is thus a precursor to mass production. Some Recent Examples of Craft Specialization Cathy Costins research using examinations of design elements to identify how craft specialization worked among Inka groups in 15th and 16th century AD Peru [Costin, Cathy L. and Melissa B. Hagstrum 1995 Standardization, labor investment, skill, and the organization of ceramic production in late prehispanic highland Peru. American Antiquity 60(4):619-639.]Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth of Indiana University continue experimental replication of craft technology at the Stone Age Institute.Kazuo Aoyama discusses the Aguateca site in Guatemala, where an abrupt attack of the Classic Maya center preserved evidence of specialized bone or shell working. Sources Aoyama, Kazuo. 2000.  Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization: Chipped Stone Evidence from the Copan Valley and the LA Entrada Region, Honduras. Siglo del Hombre Press, Mexico City.Aoyama, Kazuo.  Craft Specialization and Elite Domestic Activities: Microwear Analysis of Lithic Artifacts from Aguateca, Guatemala. Online report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.Arnold, Jeanne E. 1992 Complex hunter-gatherer-fishers of prehistoric California: Chiefs, specialists, and maritime adaptations of the Channel Islands.  American Antiquity  57(1):60-84.Bayman, James M. 1996 Shell ornament consumption in a classic Hohokam platform mound community center.  Journal of Field Archaeology  23(4):403-420.Becker, M. J. 1973 Archaeological evidence for occupational specialization among Classic Maya at Tikal, Guatemala.  American Antiquity  38:396-406.Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Timothy K. Earle (eds). 1987  Specializatio n, Exchange, and Complex Societies.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Camillo, Carlos. 1997. . L P D PressCostin, Cathy L. 1991 Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production. In  Archaeological Method and Theory  volume 1. Michael B. Schiffer, ed. Pp. 1-56. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Costin, Cathy L. and Melissa B. Hagstrum 1995 Standardization, labor investment, skill, and the organization of ceramic production in late prehispanic highland Peru.  American Antiquity  60(4):619-639.Ehrenreich, Robert M. 1991 Metalworking in Iron Age Britain: Hierarchy or heterarchy?  MASCA: Metals in Society: Theory beyond analysis. 8(2), 69-80.Evans, Robert K. 1978 Early craft specialization: an example from the Balkan Chalcolithic. In Charles L. Redman and et al., eds. Pp. 113-129. New York: Academic Press.Feinman, Gary M. and Linda M. Nicholas 1995 Household craft specialization and shell ornament manufacture in Ejutla, Mexico.  Expedition  37(2):14-25.Feinman, Gary M., Linda M. Nicholas, a nd Scott L. Fedick 1991 Shell working in prehispanic Ejutla, Oaxaca (Mexico): Findings from an exploratory field season.  Mexicon13(4):69-77.   Feinman, Gary M., Linda M. Nicholas, and William D. Middleton 1993 Craft activities at the prehispanic Ejutla site, Oaxaca, Mexico.  Mexicon15(2):33-41.  Hagstrum, Melissa 2001 Household Production in Chaco Canyon Society.  American Antiquity  66(1):47-55.Harry, Karen G. 2005 Ceramic Specialization and Agricultural Marginality: Do Ethnographic Models Explain the Development of Specialized Pottery Production in the Prehistoric American Southwest?  American Antiquity  70(2):295-320.Hirth, Kenn. 2006. Obsidian Craft Production in Ancient Central Mexico: Archaeological Research at Xochicalco. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Kenoyer, J. M. 1991 The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India.  Journal of World Prehistory  5(4):331-385.Masucci, Maria A. 1995 Marine shell bead production and the role of domestic craft activities in the conomy of the Guangala phase, southwest Ecuador.  Latin American Antiquity  6(1):70-84.Muller, Jon 1984 Mississippian s pecialization and salt.  American Antiquity  49(3):489-507. Schortman, Edward M. and Patricia A. Urban 2004 Modeling the roles of craft production in ancient political economies.  Journal of Archaeological Research  12(2):185-226Shafer, Harry J. and Thomas R. Hester. 1986 Maya stone-tool craft specialization and production at Colha, Belize: reply To Mallory.  American Antiquity  51:158-166.Spence, Michael W. 1984 Craft production and polity in early Teotihuacan. In  Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica. Kenneth G. Hirth, ed. Pp. 87-110. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Tosi, Maurizio. 1984 The notion of craft specialization and its representation in the archaeological record of early states in the Turanian Basin. In  Marxist perspectives in archaeology. Matthew Spriggs, ed. Pp. 22-52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Vaughn, Kevin J., Christina A. Conlee, Hector Neff, and Katharina Schreiber 2006 Ceramic production in ancient Nasca: provenance analysis of pottery from the Early Nasca and Tiza cultures through IN AA.  Journal of Archaeological Science  33:681-689. Vehik, Susan C. 1990 Late Prehistoric Plains Trade and Economic Specialization.  Plains Anthropologist  35(128):125-145.Wailes, Bernard (editor). 1996. Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: In Memory of V. Gordon Childe. University Museum Symposium Series, Volume 6 University Museum Monograph - UMM 93. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology - University of Pennsylvania.Wright, Henry T. 1969. The Administration of Rural Production in an Early Mesopotamian Town. 69. Ann Arbor, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Anthropological Papers.Yerkes, Richard W. 1989 Mississippian craft specialization in the American Bottom.  Southeastern Archaeology  8:93-106.Yerkes, Richard W. 1987 Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mothers Day Celebrations Around the World

Mothers Day Celebrations Around the World Although the idea of honoring mothers on a special day was known as far back as ancient Greece, today Mothers Day is celebrated in many countries, in many different ways, and on different dates. Where Did Mothers Day Originate? The credit for the American Mothers Day observance goes to three women. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910), who also wrote the lyrics for The Battle Hymn of the Republic, proposed a Mothers Day observance dedicated to peace in the years following the Civil War. Such annual observances were held in Boston in the late 1800s. In 1907 Anna Marie Jarvis (1864-1948), a Philadelphia teacher originally from Grafton, West Virginia, began her own efforts to establish a national Mothers Day. She also wished to honor her own mother, Anna Reeves Jarvis (1832-1905), who had first promoted the Mothers Work Days in 1858 as a way to improve the sanitary conditions in her town. She later worked to relieve suffering during and after the Civil War. With the support of churches, business people, and politicians, Mothers Day came to be observed on the second Sunday in May in most U.S. states within several years of Ann Jarvis campaign. The national Mothers Day holiday became official on May 8, 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution, but it was more of a patriotic day on which flags were flown in honor of mom. Ironically, Anna Jarvis, who later tried in vain to combat the increasing commercialization of the holiday, never became a mother herself. Mothers Day in Europe Englands Mothers Day observance goes back to the 13th century when Mothering Sunday was observed on the fourth Sunday of Lent (because it was originally for Mary, mother of Christ). Later, in the 17th century, servants were given a free day on Mothering Sunday to return home and visit their mothers, often bringing along a sweet treat known as the mothering cake that was to be kept until Easter. In the UK, Mothering Sunday is still observed during Lent, in March or early April. In Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Muttertag is observed on the second Sunday in May, just as in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and many other countries. During the First World War, Switzerland was one the first European countries to introduce Mothers Day (in 1917). Germanys first Muttertag observance took place in 1922, Austrias in 1926 (or 1924, depending on the source). Muttertag was first declared an official German holiday in 1933 (the second Sunday in May) and took on a special significance as part of the Nazi motherhood cult under the Hitler regime. There was even a medal- das Mutterkreuz- in bronze, silver, and gold (eight or more Kinder!), awarded to mothers who produced children for the Vaterland. (The medal had the popular nickname of Karnickelorden, the Order of the Rabbit.) After World War II the German holiday became a more unofficial one that took on the cards-and-flowers elements of the U.S. Mothers Day. In Germany, if Mothers Day happens to fall on Pfin gstsonntag (Pentecost), the holiday is moved to the first Sunday in May. Mothers Day in Latin America International Mothers Day is observed on May 11. In Mexico and much of Latin America Mothers Day is on May 10. In France and Sweden Mothers Day falls on the last Sunday in May. Spring in Argentina comes in October, which may explain why their Mothers Day observance is on the second Sunday in October rather than May. In Spain and Portugal Mothers Day is Dec. 8 and is more of a religious holiday than most Mothers Day celebrations around the world, although the English Mothering Sunday actually began under Henry III in the 1200s as a celebration of the Mother Church. German poet and philosopher, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Von Vater hab ich die Statur, des Lebens ernstes FÃ ¼hren, von MÃ ¼tterchen die Frohnatur und Lust zu fabulieren.

American heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American heritage - Essay Example Listing of the rights makes the Bill of Rights more ineffective and dangerous for the reason that most Governments often abuse rights that are not documented. In addition, the congress is given certain powers by the Constitution, yet the Bill of Rights lists the same rights that the Congress cannot violate; it has no power to do so. Originally, anyone who violated the rights of citizens could be simply thrown out of office. In this sense therefore, a Bill of Rights was needless in a nation where citizens have the right to do away with officials from office. A senior official who demoralized his constituents was to face the music (McNeese, 2001). The original constitution specifically listed the powers of the Federal Government and it thus had no right to interfere with anything that was not specifically listed. Through listing rights in the initial amendments, it seems to be granting rights to citizens, even those who were for the Bill of Rights put it their to simply state what was not within the control of the Federal Government. However, by doing this, it was perceived that rights that were given to the Americans by the constitution were essential rights that citizens thought were natural or God-given but exceed government. The concept of separation of power entails the distribution of powers among three branches of government. Article I, II, and III of the U.S constitution provides for the separation among the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. It was not meant to take away power from the government, but rather to spread power evenly in all divisions of the government and to prevent one arm from possessing too much power. The system of sharing power or checks and balances is what limits the power of each branch. The Legislative branch is made up of the Senate and the House; the President, his vice, and the Departments make up the Executives, while the Supreme