Sutherlands Differential Association Theory - 1430 Words

A Critical Review of Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory Ryan Herron Dr. Patrick Parnaby SOC 2070 9 November 2017 There are many theories used by Sociologists to explain deviance. One such theory is differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland. There are many strengths and weaknesses of differential association that will be laid out in this paper after differential association theory is fully explained. When discussed, it becomes apparent that differential association theory has many strengths as well as many weaknesses, with the strength of the weaknesses outweighing that of the strengths. First, differential association theory will be laid out and explained. Sutherland, with differential association†¦show more content†¦Sutherland also argues that impersonal factors such as the media, and strangers do not affect one s deviance, but rather it is close, personal peer groups such as close friends and family that have a large effect (Sutherland, 1947; Bereska, 2014; Matsueda, 1988, 2001, O’Grady, 2014, Williams III and McShane, 2013). Finally, the last main tenant of Sutherland s theory is that these associations can vary in time, intensity, frequency, and priority (Sutherland, 1947; Bereska, 2014; Matsueda, 1988, 2001, O’Grady 2014, Williams III and McShane, 2013), potentially leading to some periods of deviance, and some periods of conformity. Sutherland s theory has evolved through his own later work, co-authored with Donald Cressey, as well through other theorists works including Akers social learning theory developed in the 1970’s, Bandura’s social learning theory developed in the 1970’s as well, and Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory in the 1950’s. Differential association is one of the most important and widely used theories in criminology that was pioneering in the use of sociological factors to explain deviance. There are many strong points to Sutherland’s differential association theory. One such strength is the simplicity of the theory. One of Sutherland’ s goals with differential association was to replace more complex theories that had many factors involved, down to one alwaysShow MoreRelatedCriminological Theory Of Edwin Sutherlands Differential Association Theory1789 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction: Differential Association Theory is a criminological theory devised by Edwin Sutherland asserting that criminal behavior is behavior learned through association with others who communicate their values and attitudes (Walsh, 559). Summary: We live in a world that is full of choices and some individuals believe we have a choice that is made by ourselves regardless of any influences from outside parties. We have the authority to determine what is right or wrong for our own livesRead MoreDifferential Association Theory By Edwin H. Sutherland969 Words   |  4 PagesDifferential Association theory by Edwin H. Sutherland states that criminal behavior is learned. Sutherland’s theory is essentially arguing that individuals that engage in criminal activity have learned to engage in criminal activity from association with others. Differential Association theory is broken down into nine propositions. The first proposition is that criminal behavior is learned (Sutherland, 2010). The second proposition states that the interaction with the other person or persons hasRead MoreBad Monkey And The Social Phenomenon Of Crime783 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Science theories in criminology builds frameworks of empirical evidence which are used to study and interpret the social phenomenon of crime (Callinicos, 1999). Of the many theories developed over the course of the study of the science of criminology, Robert Agnew’s General Strain and Edwin H. Sutherland’s Differential Association theories stood out the most while I indulged in Carl Hiaasen novel Bad Monkey. In this essay I will be using Carl Hiaasen novel Bad Monkey to draw out examples ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior955 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory I believe that explains criminal behavior and delinquency the best would be the Differential Reinforcement Theory, reviewed by Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers after it was criticized by C.R. Jeffery. 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Sutherland’s differential association theory explains deviant behavior as something that is â€Å"learned through associations† rather than solely based upon the community that one is fostered inRead MoreThe Problem Of White Collar Criminality918 Words   |  4 Pagesarea of criminal statistics exclude upper class crimes. Lastly because the upper class are seen to be ‘immune because of the class bias of the courts and thei[r own personal] power’. (Sutherland: 2004: 7) The differential association theory is in some ways flawed as the heart of Sutherland’s (1939) approach is based on the concept of learning amongst people who share the same anti criminal or pro criminal values and attitudes. In white collar crime, the offender is typically well educated and hasRead MoreThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a wide array of theories about the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. 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I also argue that unlike the other two theories, a MarxistRead More The IQ Debate Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagescarried out by Sutherland have looked at the role played by psychological issues and disorders. The Differential Association Theory was a theory on crime and deviancy developed by Edwin Sutherland during the thirties. Unlike other experts like Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck, who stated that deviancy is generated by numerous factors, Sutherland attempted to provide an integrated criminological theo ry to explain the reasons why crime takes place (Marshall, 1994). He argued that crime and deviancy areRead MoreThe Cause Of Crime, Like Many Societal Phenomena, Is A1547 Words   |  7 Pages The cause of crime, like many societal phenomena, is a source of global contention. Theorists throughout history have repeatedly attempted to deconstruct criminal minds to understand the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of crime. 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Michael Brown And Eric Garner Victims Of Police Brutality

Michael Brown and Eric Garner are both victims of police brutality. Mike Brown Jr. life was taken by the hands former police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. At the time Michael was 18-year-old and he had been shot at least six times, twice in the head, by a white police officer. His dead body was then left uncovered on the ground for the public view of family and neighbors. The scene was nightmarish. This critical moment in contemporary United States history was not a beautiful beginning. The Department of Justice found that Brown physically attacked Wilson and attempted to grab his gun. Wilson then allegedly shot Brown in self-defense. and the brutal repression against the Ferguson protests that came in response, were sparks†¦show more content†¦This figure is up from 35 percent in 1991. Affirmative action in hiring and higher education—an institutional remedy to structural discrimination and another key gain of the movement in the 1960s—continues to suffer defeats. The latest of these came in April of last year when the Supreme Court upheld a ban on the practice in Michigan’s public universities. Between 2006—when the ban was passed—and 2012, African American enrollment at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor plummeted by 33 percent while overall student enrollment increased by 10 percent. On the opposite side of the debate many people believe that the movement and phrase Black Lives Matter is wrong and racist itself. They feel that having a movement that only representing one race saying that only their lives matter is not right when all lives matter. Although all lives matter it is redundant. We know that all lives matter but police violence and police brutality disproportionately affect the African American communities not the others. So since all lives matter why is it that justice and laws cannot be applied equally to African Americans? Because racism never dead in America it just has been sugarcoated and done under handedly but by having a movement just as Black Lives Matter it will expose the officers that have using abuse their authority among the African American communities. This movement also has a more immediate prehistory. The most recent

Essay on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation - 607 Words

When a person plans or wants to do something, he or she has a motivation for that specific thing. In other words, when a person does something, that person has a reason why he or she should do that thing. Not always there is a reason to do something, but sometimes may be many reasons that are backing a person to take those actions to do it. This happens not only to humans, or living organisms, but also in nonliving organisms. An example is when a rock which had bounced after it hit the floor while falling down. Scientists may tell some of the reasons why the rock does that kind of action, but they cannot tell all of the reasons that back the rock’s actions. A similar thing, as the scientists, was Alfie Kohn trying to do in his essay, â€Å"Why†¦show more content†¦The reason is that the reward is not the main thing that is backing up the action; but something else that could be self-develop, peace, etc. An example is a boy does his homework just because he was told b y his parents to do his homework. Based on that the boy believes that his parents know what is best for him to do. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is when a person takes actions knowing that at the end of that action there is a reward waiting for him or her. In this case, the person does it not because thinking about self-development, peace, etc. but about the reward. An example could be that the boy’s mother will not let the boy watch his favorite cartoons, until he finishes his homework. That way the boy will finish his homework just to be able to watch the cartoons, but does not care if he fully understands the materials on which the homework was about. Third possibility is the both type of motivations, intrinsic and extrinsic, are the reason for someone’s action. It is when the person is doing something knowing there is going to be a reward at the end, also during that action the person will develop in skills, professionalism, etc. The example could be taken from the essay that Kohn wrote. The reward that Kohn could have got is being paid for writing the essay, with the main back up that the action will bring development of experiences in writing professionally. Another example could be a man runs in a burning building to save his neighbor’s kid. That manShow MoreRelatedIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation1083 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation Ken 1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Literature Review AK 11 April 2013 Professor J. Losche PSY-432 Ken 2 Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation help to fit psychological values and beliefs of an individual. 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However, motivatio n relies heavily on one’s personal psychology as wellRead MoreIntrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation Essay992 Words   |  4 Pages1 Intrinsic Motivation verses Extrinsic Motivation Jakarla Watts Foundation of Online Learning American Public University Sharie Adamson Read More Motivation: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation can be defined as the desire or inspiration to carry out specific tasks or to do something. Motivation is required when goals are being set and more so in their execution. In a work setting, motivation can be defined as a process through which individuals choose between alternative forms of behavior with the aim of achieving personal objectives. The goals sought by individuals can be extrinsic or relatively tangible such as monetary rewards and promotion, or intrinsic or intangible such

Is Huck Finn A Racist Book Essay Example For Students

Is Huck Finn A Racist Book Essay Ever since its publication over a hundred years ago, controversy has swarmed around one of Mark Twain’s most popular novels, Huck Finn. Even then, many educators supported its dismissal from school libraries. For post Civil-War Americans, the argument stemmed from Twain’s use of spelling errors, poor grammar, and curse words. In the politically correct 1990’s however, the point of argument has now shifted to one of the major themes of the book: Racism. John Wallace once said of the book, â€Å"It’s the most grotesque version of racist trash† ever written. Were Twain’s archetypal characters and use of vernacular language an assertion of his own racist views, or a critique of the injustice of White society Many readers misinterpret racist remarks by characters in the novel as reflections of Twain’s own beliefs supporting slavery. These claims, though, can be easily repudiated by some of Twain’s comparisons between whites and blacks made outside of Huck Finn; for instance when he said, â€Å"One of my theories is that the hearts of men are all alike, all over the world, whatever their skin complexion may be†. This brings into question the reason for Twain’s frequent use of the word â€Å"nigger†, not to mention the exceedingly racist views harbored by most characters. It is true that the book is peppered with racist stereotypes, lewd remarks belittling blacks, and the use of the word â€Å"nigger† over 200 times, but it is all part of the irony. Twain wrote this book not only to challenge the system of slavery, but also to do so with the most effective of literary devices: the truth. Huck Finn is not racist: It is a profound social statement on the inhumanity of slavery and of every individual’s born right to freedom. In chapter 32, Aunt Sally and Huck discuss a steamboat explosion: â€Å"Good Gracious! Anyone hurt † asks Aunt Sally. â€Å" No’m. Killed a nigger. † â€Å" Well it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt. † This passage highlights Twain’s use of satire. On the surface, it could easily be interpreted as dehumanizing and bigoted, but Twain only uses it to reveal the cold truths of white attitudes in the 1800’s. It also presents the fact that Aunt Polly, one of the simplest and gentlest characters in the book, does not think twice about the violent death of a black person. While disguised as racism, Twain cleverly breaks down white-black relations to the inanities of prejudice. Less subtle are Huck’s observations of Jim as their relationship progresses. Jim at first is nothing but a source of amusement for Huck, but Huck slowly discovers the real person inside. In Chapter 23, Huck states, â€Å"†¦I do believe that he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for ther’n. † Later, Huck goes even further to say, â€Å"I knowed Jim was really white inside. † From Huck, this na e statement was the highest compliment he could have given Jim, and reiterates the idea that a black man can have true emotions and real feelings, something that was not commonly believed at the time. All of this leads to the main point Twain was attempting to make by writing Huck Finn. This book illustrates the possibility of a real friendship across even the strictest social boundaries of race and class. Huck Finn is not only a classic piece of American literature, but also a heartfelt statement against slavery, and a clever ridicule of the duplicity of White America.